TGF-$\beta$

As outlined above TGF-$\beta$ inhibits the production of most monokines and lymphokines. In this respect it is anti-inflammatory by reduction in release of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$.

TGF-$\beta$ besides its anti-inflammatory effects is pro inflammatory. It acts as a chemoattractant for neutorphils, T cells and unactivated monocytes.

Systemic TGF-$\beta$ is anti-inflammatory while local TGF-$\beta$ is pro-inflammatory. It has an important role to play in scar formation and promotes neovascularisation and proliferation of connective tissue cells.