Pro-inflammatory cytokines

These inlcude IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-$\alpha$. Administration of antagonists to these agents such as IL-1ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), or monoclonal antibodies against TNF-$\alpha$ and soluble TNF-receptor block acute and chronic inflammatory responses in animal models of inflammatory disease.

IL-1 and TNF-$\alpha$ are the main mediators involved in endotoxic shock.

Up regulation of the inflammatory response is also effected by IL-11, IF-$\gamma$ and by members of the chemokine superfamily.

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is reduced by the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). And, production of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ is inhibited by TGF-$\beta$.